Higher levels of serum IL-1β and TNF-α are associated with an increased probability of major depressive disorder

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating psychiatric disease. The dysregulated cytokines in depression are assumed due to the hyperactivation of immune system. Here we aimed evaluate serum interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) MDD. This study recruited 87 MDD patients age sex-matched healthy controls (HCs). increased levels IL-1β TNF-α were observed among patients. These higher peripheral markers positively correlated with severity depression. Therefore, elevated might be used as risk assessment indicators for